Eating Disorders and Female Athletes Essay -- Research Anorexia Nervos

Eating Disorders and Female AthletesINTRODUCTION Athletes are among the quickest, strongest, most flexible people in the world, so one would expect them to adhere to the latest wellness and fitness information, right? Not always. The problem is that the athletes often believe that more fit equals less fat. The death of Olympic gymnast Christy Henrich from anorexia nervosa began to bring the topic of athletes and eating disorders to the forefront. look for into the topic of eating disorders and athletes shows a few interesting findings. Most of the studies focus on women and specific sports, namely gymnastics, figure skating, diving, and other weight-dependent sports. Some research, however, shows prevelance findings of eating disorders in female athletes congruent with the general population. FEMALE ATHLETE TRIAD The female athlete triad of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis affects many active women, especially those in sports that mark appearance or leanness. Physica l signs and symptoms include unexplained recurrent or stress fracture, dry hair, low body temperature, lanugo, and fatigue (Joy, Clark, Ireland, Martire, Nattiv, and Varechok, 1997). Prevalence of the triad is challenging to assess because data is limited to a few studies. In the United States, studies suggest, (based on limited data) a prevalence in female athletes between 15 percent and 62 percent (Dummer, Rosen, Heusner, et. al 1987 Rosen, Hough 1988 Rosen, McKeag, Hough, et. al, 1986). Women who have the triad can typically be characterized as being a perfectionist with high goals, being real critical of herself and having very high expectations, and having fairly low self esteem (Nattiv, 1997). Most of the women with the triad ar... ...ician and Sportsmedi5, 95-109. OConnor, P., Lewis, R., Kirchner, E., & Cook, D. (1996). Eating Disorder Symptoms in Former Female College Gymnasta traffic With Body Composition. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 64, 840-846. Petri, T., & Stoever S. (1993). The Incidence of Bulimia Nervosa and Pathogenic charge Control Behaviors in Female College Gymnasts. Research Quarterly in Exercise and Sport , 56, 245-250. Rhea, D., Jambor, E., Wiginton, K. (1996). Preventing Eating Disorders in Female Athletes. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance, 67, 66-70. Rosen, L., & Hough, D. (1988). Pathogenic Weight Control Behaviors in Female College Gymnasts. Physician and Sportsmedicine , 16, 141-146. Rosen, L., & McKeag, D. (1986). Pathogenic Weight Control Behaviors in Female Athletes. Physician and Sportsmedicine , 14, 79-86.

Voting Rates of the American Poor :: Politics

In The Working Poor, David Shipler writings that in the 2000 presidential choice only if 38 pct ofAmericans with incomes little than $10,000 voted compared to 75 percent of those with incomes over$75,000. (278) These sorts of statistics are not limited to 2000. In the six elections from 1980 to 2000,the average voter fishing gear of people in the sound fifth of the income quintiles was 53 percent, whilethe upper side fifth averaged over 80 percent (Election Results). For the bottom fifth, the average householdincome was under $11,500 during each election year. The top fifth averaged an income close to$118,000 (DeNavas-Walt, et al.). The 2004 election was no different with 55 percent of the votes editby people with incomes of $50,000 and up. That means over half of the votes cast were by a group thatcontrols 70 percent of the nations wealth. In every election since 1964, when these statistics were firstrecorded, the South has had a lower voter turnout than the other three ma jor regions. The South hasalso consistently had the highest poverty rate of the four regions. On average, there is a twenty-five to xxx percentage-point bed cover between the turnouts of the lowest and highest income quintiles in theUnited States (Cevrantes and Gluckman).Though it is clear the inadequate generally dont vote, the reasons for this are not so clear. studyseems to be biggest factor. Less than 40 percent of citizens without a high school degree voted in the2000 election, compared with an 80 percent turnout for those with an advanced degree. Thepercentages rise with more than education. A connection to poverty can be drawn when considering thatover 13 percent of workers without a high school degree are in poverty, compared with only about 1percent of workers with a college degree. It should be noted these statistics concern only workers, andnot the unemployed. As a United States census report noted, Those with a high school education orless were more likely than those with more education to respond that they were not interested in theelection or felt their vote would not cultivate a difference.Even more significant among the poor than the feeling that their vote will not make a difference isthe feeling their vote may not be counted. Claims of voting irregularities, true or not, often keep thepoor away from the polls. A macroscopical bloc of poor Americans disenfranchise themselves out of the fear ofbeing disenfranchised. With a mindset that their vote will just be erased after leaving, the poor forefendVoting Rates of the American Poor PoliticsIn The Working Poor, David Shipler reports that in the 2000 presidential election only 38 percent ofAmericans with incomes less than $10,000 voted compared to 75 percent of those with incomes over$75,000. (278) These sorts of statistics are not limited to 2000. In the six elections from 1980 to 2000,the average voter turnout of people in the bottom fifth of the income quintiles was 53 percent, whilet he top fifth averaged over 80 percent (Election Results). For the bottom fifth, the average householdincome was under $11,500 during each election year. The top fifth averaged an income close to$118,000 (DeNavas-Walt, et al.). The 2004 election was no different with 55 percent of the votes castby people with incomes of $50,000 and up. That means over half of the votes cast were by a group thatcontrols 70 percent of the nations wealth. In every election since 1964, when these statistics were firstrecorded, the South has had a lower voter turnout than the other three major regions. The South hasalso consistently had the highest poverty rate of the four regions. On average, there is a twenty-five tothirty percentage-point gap between the turnouts of the lowest and highest income quintiles in theUnited States (Cevrantes and Gluckman).Though it is clear the poor generally dont vote, the reasons for this are not so clear. Educationseems to be biggest factor. Less than 40 percent of citize ns without a high school degree voted in the2000 election, compared with an 80 percent turnout for those with an advanced degree. Thepercentages rise with more education. A connection to poverty can be drawn when considering thatover 13 percent of workers without a high school degree are in poverty, compared with only about 1percent of workers with a college degree. It should be noted these statistics concern only workers, andnot the unemployed. As a United States census report noted, Those with a high school education orless were more likely than those with more education to respond that they were not interested in theelection or felt their vote would not make a difference.Even more significant among the poor than the feeling that their vote will not make a difference isthe feeling their vote may not be counted. Claims of voting irregularities, true or not, often keep thepoor away from the polls. A large bloc of poor Americans disenfranchise themselves out of the fear ofbeing disen franchised. With a mindset that their vote will just be erased after leaving, the poor avoid