Mathematics of the Greeks and the Mayans Essay Example for Free

Mathematics of the Greeks and the Mayans EssayMathematics is the study of time, space, structure, and quantity which is used to calculate almost anything in the world from the amount of atoms in an share to calculating the air pressure in a room. Although levels of math such as calculus are non taught until college, the use and study of mathematics gravel been around since the beginning of time and the world wouldnt be able to function without it. The term mathematics comes from the Greek word mathema which means study, knowledge, or learning. along with philosophy and astronomy, the ancient Greeks were well known for their development and contribution as brilliant mathematicians. Despite their widely spread fame as the worlds starting line greatest mathematicians, the Greeks had competitors. My contention is that the Mayans were one of the efflorescence mathematicians of the ancient world and were even more advanced than the Greeks.Ancient Greek mathematics has been devel oped since the early 7th century B.C. which could also be called the period during the Hellenistic Mathematics. Some of the greatest Ancient Greek mathematicians were Pythagoras, Aristotle, Anaxagoras, Euclid, Archimedes, Thales, and Aristarchus. These Greek mathematicians were big on the development of geometry which is a offset of math that focuses on shapes, size, and the relativity of space. Although their number system was based on letters of the alphabet and used units of five and ten, they therefore were not big on the processes of Algebra. However the Greeks became the masters of calculating solutions concerning volume, lengths and areas using geometric methods and theorems to solve algebraic equations. Despite contributions to modern day arithmetic such as the Pythagorean Theorem and euclidean Geometry the Greeks were missing one essential part of math, one number that modern day civilization mathematics would not be able to function without.The Mayans include this numbe r in their mathematic system which in turn made them the greatest mathematicians of the ancient world, this number was zero. Along with ancient Greece, Egypt, Rome and Babylonian history did not have or use the number zero. Although the Greek number system worked fairly well for their arithmetic, they were very limited to what they could do because of their limitations of their numbers. For example, the number zero and erroneous numbers did not exist and were not possible from the doubt of how nothing could count as something. It was not until 150 A.D that Greek astronomer Ptolemy was the first to sit a zero at the end of a number represented by the letter O which was well over a thousand historic period after the Mayans. Maya civilization was established in Mesoamerica in current day Yucatan Peninsula from or so 2,000 B.C to 250 A.D during the Pre-Classic era to the classic era up until the settlement of the Spanish conquistadors and its collapse. analogous to Greece, Maya was not a unified kingdom and consisted of many smaller city states and they were also known for the uniqueness of their astronomy, original art and architecture which was all create and based by math. Contrasting from the Greeks instead of using units based on five and ten, the Mayans used a base number of twenty. In the Mayan number system, a dot represented one while a horizontal bar represented five. During the Hellenistic period in Europe, many astronomers arose when they applied their knowledge of math to astronomy. Some well-known astronomers of ancient Greece are Anaxagoras, Thales, and Ptolemy all of which who discover that the Earth was round, Earth revolved around the son and that the weather was not controlled by God. receivable to these marvelous discoveries, Ancient Greece is often referred to as the Father of astronomy however this is not quite accurate. These findings were based on grounds that were built upon by civilizations in other parts of the world such as Mesoame rica. Because of the geographical distance from the Maya civilization to the Greek civilization, they were not influenced by the Greeks findings and instead came crossways almost the same discoveries but with their own methods. Not much is known about Maya history due to the destruction of Maya texts and writings by the Spanish church and government officials in the 16th century however three books miraculously survived which are the Dresden Codex, Madrid Codex, and the Paris Codex. These books contain the last create verbally information about Maya history, art, rituals, astrology, zodiac, calendar, and math. One significant item in these books was a drawing of a shell which was on the first representations of the number zero.The codex also contained recorded precise observations of the sky and space. In the codex were diagrams that displayed an eclipse table that calculates times when eclipses might happen, a Venus table that calculates the times when Venus appears as morning star, and a Mars table that records the times when Mars goes into reversing motion. The Maya pursued to apprehend the repetitive sequences of motions of the moon and planets to be able to forecast when these objects in the sky would be in a certain place in the sky during a certain time. For example, they used the movement of the sun in the sky to calculate the number of age in a year.Due to the tilt of the Earths axis, the sun shows up at different locations in the sky depending on the time of year which causes the change in seasons. The Mayans were able to calculate the number of geezerhood in a solar tropical year from the equation, 1507 tropical years = 1508 haabs or 365 multiplied by 1508 days which equals out to be 365.242 days which is very precise and accurate to the actual modern calculations of 365.24198 days as compared to the Greeks calculations of 365.24667 days. The Mayans have proven to be at the top of the ancient worlds mathematics and astronomy from their discove ries that are established as accurate even to this day by using their own methods written on their codex stripping ancient Greece of their title of the fathers of mathematics and astronomy.

Media Connections to Appearance vs. Reality Essay Example for Free

Media Connections to Appearance vs. Reality EssayThemes ar the frame meet of works of art. entirely like a backbone in humans is needed to provide support and aid movement, a theme is determinationd to send a message across to the earshot and provide the means used to send it. Appearance vs. reality is a theme most comm save used in writing. It requires the audience to think about the fact that the piece of art they feed just read or seen has more to it. This theme is used in Nadine Gordimers erst Upon a Time, Julio Polancos Identity and American rock band Evanescences song, Everybodys fool. It is used in the plot of each work to give three major underlying messages. The first is that appearance exists to hide the truth, the second is that reality is often a harsher world and the lastly, they use it as an umbrella to express their feelings and thoughts.Reality is the state of things as they actually exist. Appearance on the other hand, was made to cover up reality. There only reason as to why the original, fixed state of things has to be altered is to hide the truth. For instance, the main mentions of Gordimers story atomic number 18 a family living in a suburban area that are racist but try not to make it seem so. They put up a silhouette of an intruder as a inform to future burglars. The silhouette is neither black nor white proving that the family is not racist (Godimer). The possible burglars the family was expecting were the coloured people from the other side of town. This is racist because they see them as harmful because of their colour.Likewise, Julio Polancos poem also shows that there is something hidden under all the glamour and falsity that is appearance. It is about pretty flowers that are always watered, provide but harnessed to a pot of dirt (Polanco). The flowers appear better off because they are being taken care of but in reality, they are not truly happy because they are not free. Lastly, Evanescence again reinforces this id ea through the behaviour discussed in their song. They describe how one alters their behaviour when around others. The individual has no flaws when they are pretending (Lee). This is because they use their changed behaviour to cover up their true imperfect selves. Appearances are often made because it is an easier alternative to the real thing. behavior is full of hardships, struggle and anxiety which one must face almost daily. This extends too difficult for people and they create an idealistic way of life which appears easier and better. For example, in Gordimers story, the family does not want to face violence from the coloured people. There were riots, but these were outside the city, where people of another color were quartered (Godimer). Due to this, the family creates a skillful home with lots of security reinforcements and this keeps the danger out so they do not have to face it.Similarly, Evanescences song tells readers about a character who covers up their true personal ity. They sing without the mask where will you hide? Cant find yourself lost in your lie (Lee). The person creates a new(a) self- image because they probably did not like who they used to be. In like manner, Julio Polanco makes an even stronger point of the harshness of reality with descriptive words in his poem. The flowers are well kept and cared for unlike the weed that is exposed to the madness of the vast, eternal sky (Polanco). The condition the weed grows in is harsh so even though the flower is not free, it lives in a safer environment. Appearance is also used broadly by the writers as a metaphor to express their opinions on semipolitical or social issues.Gordimers story expresses her opinion on a political issue while the topic of both Polanco and Evanescences work is found on social issues. On one hand, Once Upon a Time may feel like a childrens tale but it is authentically showing how she feels like a childrens tale but it is really showing how she feels about aparthe id in South Africa (CITE). The story is written in saucer-eyed language but it has a serious undertone as to the consequences of racial segregation. The colours people are not the only ones affected by racism. racialism has an effect on everyone involved. In her story, Gordimer expressed this using the death of the son (Godimer).Her opinion is that apartheid benefits no one. On the other hand, Julio Polanco writes about a social issue. In his poem he says, Id rather be a tall ugly weed (Polanco). This is an extended metaphor used to show how the narrator prefers being strong and free while suffering hardship as opposed to being under the rule of another. Julio Polanco shows that he believes in the right of freedom. By the same token, Evanescences style in their lyrics voices their opinion on hypocrites. They think these kinds of people go from fooling everyone to becoming everyones fool (Lee). In conclusion, these artists use the theme to express themselves.Deeper thoughts are sti mulated in the audience when the theme of appearance vs. reality is used. It is a message within a message. Nadine Gordimer, Julio Polanco and Evanescence are only a few of the artists who use this theme. In their works, they show that appearance is only serves as a blindfold to the truth appearance exists because reality can become too hard to face and lastly, use it as a means of expression. The theme of appearance vs. reality is like a matryoshka doll, the message is there, you just have to go through all the other layers.Works CitedGordimer, Nadine. Once Upon a Time. Hot Elements of Literature Sixth Course British Literature. Nexus learning. Web. 14 Jan. 2013.Lee, Amy. Lyrics. Everybodys fool. Fallen. CD. Wind up. 2004. Azlyrics. Web. 18 Jan. 2013. Nadine Gordimer and the South African Experience. Nadine Gordimer and the South African Experience. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013.Polanco, Julio. Identity. Bread loaf poetry exchange. PB works, 2011. Web. 18 Jan. 2013.

Music Intervention as Anxiety and Stress Relief

Music preventive as Anxiety and Stress ReliefEvelyn NevilleMusic Intervention as Anxiety and Stress Relief during Minor Medical ProceduresIntroductionThis thought analysis leave address the apprehension and stress relief offspring of medicinal drug on perseverings during routine medical doances. Music can have a calming effect on patients which can greatly abbreviate the worry and stress the patients may be savoring while enduring procedures much(prenominal) as root draws or IV prefaceions (Mok Wong, 2003). The anxiety felt by umpteen patients can provide many obstacles without the appointment such as the inability to listen effectively due to the inability to focus (Baldwin, 2016), a nix impact on quest out further medical treatments in the future (Detz, Lopez Sarkar, 2013), and a general increase in muscle tightness, heart wander, line of reasoning pressure and respirations (Bandelow, Boerner ,Kasper, Linden, Wittchen Mller, 2013). The alleviation of what soever of this anxiety and stress may have a powerful impact that could contribute to a patients overall health and continue to build a strong foundation for the relationship between the patient and their health care provider.It is significant that the concept of using medicine for anxiety relief is studied further as this could provide a new involvement for patients in their own healthcare. It could also provide cost effective ship canal for the healthcare providers to ensure patients are comfort equal, are relaxed and walk away feeling better approximately their relationship with their health care provider. Music is a common language that we can all relate to and we should affair it to our advantage in the medical field.Music has been successfully used to reduce anxiety in dental procedures (Lahmann et al., 2008), the use of harmony may be a simple and inexpensive way for hospitals, clinics or doctors offices to make the patients experience better and less stressful. It has been found that medicinal drug may even be have sufficient anxiety and pain relief in postoperative settings that it may be used as a substitute for adverse effect causing opioid medications (Allred, Byers Sole, 2008). Therefore it is significant that health care master keys should attempt to use the benefits of this non-pharmacologic treatment while treating their patients. The particular proposition use of in person chosen practice of medicine will ensure that the patient feels they have agree over the situation and are involved in their own care (Erlang, Nielsen, Hansen Finderup, 2015).AssumptionsThe fundamental assumptions of this concept analysis include that inherently people like unison and it can aid in anxiety decrease as shown by let down blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rates (Bandelow, Boerner, Kasper, Linden, Wittchen Mller 2013). It has also been used in therapy and other medical practices such as dentistry to attend patients in coping with stre ss, pain and anxiety (Lahmann et al., 2008). Even though ein truthone copes differently with stress, it can be assumed that many people use medicament to reduce stress for physiological, cognitive and stirred processes (Thoma, La Marca, Bnnimann, Finkel, Ehlert Nater, 2013)PreviewIn the hobby section of this concept analysis the reader will be presented with a review of books reviews that describe the concept in different disciplines. Using the Walker and Avant (2005) method, the concept analysis will include a discussion of the concept and its proportions, antecedents and consequences. Lastly, Empirical referents will also be discussed.Literature ReviewThe literature review for this concept analysis was done with materials found on the following databases additive Index of Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), DePaul Library check Circulation, UptoDate and Google student. The databases were searched between 1990 and 2017, focusing on articles published after 2000. The CINAHL database produced 1 result for nursing surmisal practice of medicine, 11,857 results for music, 333 for music anxiety, 1,531 results for generalized anxiety disorder, 61 results for forward pain experience, and 52 results for music procedure. UptoDate was searched for generalized anxiety disorder with an undisclosed amount of total results. Google Scholar produced 908,000 results for music therapy, 46,200 results for music calming, 597,000 results for music preference, 102,000 results for music therapy anxiety reduction, 1,100,000 results for trust anxiety, 268,000 results for nursing theory music, 1,890,000 results for nurse patient relationship, 976,000 results for patient nurse communication long term, 1,990,000 results for music psychology, 749,000 results for music anxiety and 70,400 results by searching music social bonding. Two additional sources were used, 2 books about music found in the DePaul University Library Book Circulation database when searching for music medici ne and music philosophy.Music TherapyAccording to Oxford dictionary music can be defined as vocal or slavish sounds (or both) combined in such a way as to produce beauty of form, harmony, and expression of emotion (Oxford Dictionary, n.d.). As music is an abstract form of art, it is able to relate the composers and musicians feelings and intention through direct imitation, approximate imitation and symbolization (Cooke, 2001). With this ability to convey emotion and feelings, music is able to stimulate a heightened emotional response from its creators and listeners (Sloboda, 1991), creating a frame expire for therapists to create an enriched environment through the use of music. within music therapy the terms music and music therapy have been used interchangeably, this was in particular common practice at that time when the profession was not yet established (Horden, 2000). Music in and of itself is defined as the use of music and/or musical elements (sound, rhythm, melody, and ha rmony) within the music therapy discipline. To describe music therapy the World Federation of Music Therapy goes one step further and defines it as a process designed to facilitate and promote communication, relationships, learning, mobilization, expression, organization and other relevant therapeutic objectives, in order to meet physical, emotional, mental, social and cognitive inescapably. (Horden, 2000).Music therapy has been used for anxiety reduction in the past including in a study about the set up of music therapy on patients anxiety while undergoing a flexible sigmoidoscopy. The results of this study confirm that patients who listened to self-selected music tapes during the procedure had significantly decreased scores for State-trait anxiety inventory, heart rates and mean arterial pressures compared to the control group. Within this study it was concluded that music is an effective anxiolitic adjunct for the flexible sigmoidoscopy procedure (Palakanis, DeNobile, Sweeney, Blankenship, 1994).PsychologyMusic psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on the production, creation and perception of music. Within music psychology, music is defined as patterned action in time which appears communicative, complex, generative and representational (Hallam, Cross Thaut, 2009). Music psychology can be applied to individual preferences, arguably due to personality, and the way music is perceived. Studies exploring put to work of personality on musical preferences such as the study performed by Stephen J. Dollinger in 1993 have shown that overall personality does have an influence on the types of music individuals prefer. Dollinger, for example, showed that the personality trait openness had a appointed correlation to enjoyment of a variety of different kinds of music (Dollinger, 1993).Anxiety has been linked to experiencing additional stressors in childhood, an environmental gene, according to Wiedemann (2013). He points out that personality traits are another factor that can predispose people to experiencing anxiety and how strongly they experience it. Age can also be a factor in the expression of anxiety, with adolescents having a higher incidence rate of anxiety overall (Wiedemann, 2013). Lastly, Wiedeman discusses that anxiety when due to a life event is adaptive, however once the perceived danger passes and the importunate state lasts, this may be due to a pathologic type of anxiety. These anxiety causing events may also cause the patient to experience endure bouts of anxiety in the future during similar traumatic events (Wiedemann, 2013).BiologyWithin biology, music can have a neurobiological role. There music is regarded in biological terms as originating in the brain, so that most explanations concentrate on the ways in which brains process information (freewoman, 1998). As explained by Freeman in his study, music is defined by deeply personal experiences of individuals which are made unique by the separation of informa tion within the brain as it learns more than and goes through epistemological solipsism or isolation of uniqueness of knowledge (Freeman, 1998). As sounds pass through the inner ear, along excited sensory neurons into the original auditory cortex, musical experience is still a neurobiological experience deprived of emotion. However, as explained by Freeman as the information is processed through neighboring cortical areas concerned with speech and song the information is passed between the newer brain and older part of the forebrain and can generate memories evoked by listening to music, and arouse the emotional states that have get down associated with now familiar songs through previous experiences (Freeman 1998).As this information is continuing to pass through the brain, a sense of social bonding is felt by the subject through the perception, creation and sharing of music and dance (Freeman 1998). This social bonding leads to trust, and is related to a social aspect as well a s a release of neurochemicals. It is therefore a plausible assumption that music can create neurobiological stimuli that create an environment of bonding and trust building. This can be an important aspect of a patient-nurse/healthcare professional relationship.Lastly, genetics is another factor when discussing anxiety in patients. In recent studies it has been shown that genetics explained about half of the variance when it comes to the predisposition of anxiety in familial display cases (Wiedemann, 2013).Concept MaturityThis concept has gained some traction within the last few years, especially in other disciplines besides nursing. Dentistry has used music to assist patients during dental exams and procedures for several years and more studies have been done recently in using music to assist in stress and anxiety relief. Generally the concept has been researched in specific instances such as children in the ED receiving IVs or patients receiving a flexible sigmoidoscopy. A longe r term study within the nursing discipline needs to be performed to ensure a complete concept analysis can be done.AnalysisDefining attributesThe defining characteristics that are repeated in the literature include anxiety, music and a positive effect on decreased heart rate. Anxiety encompasses a general feeling of worry and concern about future events which may have an uncertain ending. This can be very well translated to patients worry and fears about medical procedures that may cause them pain and irritation as well as feeling a lack of knowledge and control over the situation. It has been confirmed that anxiety can manifest itself in things such as increased heart rate, feeling of tightness, and muscle tension (Bandelow, Boerner ,Kasper, Linden, Wittchen Mller 2013).The effect of music on heart rate as a liberalization technique has been studied in a clinical setting. It has been proven that a patients preferred music can have a positive effect on lowering the heart rate pos t procedure (Vaajoki, Kankkunen, Pietil Vehvilinen-Julkunen, 2011). The heart rate is defined as a clinical value measured as a full heart contraction for the duration of a full minute. The ability to lower heart rate allows us to empirically measure the effects of music on the patients during and after their procedures.The patient will have sole control over their choice of music in this concept. Giving the patient the ability to control the type of music has also shown to provide patients with a sense of choice and involvement in the procedure (Erlang, Nielsen, Hansen Finderup, 2015). The musical choices of the patients will be songs played by instruments that are kept in a key with harmonies and rhythm. The patient has full control over the genre of music which may include rock, classical, pop and acoustic.Antecedents closely adult patients will have previously experienced a blood draw and therefore will know what to expect. This knowledge may range from a feeling of impending doom and anxiety over the pain and discomfort they may experience. Though blood draws may not always be painful, previous experiences influence a patients expectations and can translate into higher anxiety and stress when the previous experience was negative (Reicherts, Gerdes, Pauli Wieser, 2016). The travel to the medical facility and the identification of music to be played are also antecedents to the impending procedure.ConsequencesConsequences of the attempt to relieve anxiety during a blood draw can include a positive experience due to relieved anxiety as well as improved rapport with the nurse or other health care professional which will result in return of the patient for future screenings and preventative care (Detz, Lopez, Sarkar, 2013) . This in turn will result in the patient seeking out healthier long term behavior as well as a decrease in emergency service use (Weiss Blustein, 1996). Additionally, the patient may feel more relaxed and not tense up as much making the nurses job to perform the blood draw much easier. As illustrated in a study by Hartling, Newton, Liang, Jou, Hewson, Klassen and Curtis (2013) a significant amount of health care providers reported that it was easier to perform IV placement on children admitted into the touch Department who listened to music than those who were not listening to music. It was also noted that the health care providers were happier with the placement when patients were listening to music than if they were not (Hartling et al., 2013)The opposite experience may also occur, creating a negative consequence. The patient may not have found the music they wanted to listen to and may have not experienced anxiety relief during the blood draw. If the nurse was unsuccessful in playing the blood draw by having to start over, puncturing or fishing for the vein resulting in pain, the patient may reflect on this creation a bad experience and will not want to return and may even feel the relationship with the nurse has been damaged which may result in the patient not seeking out medical care in the future.Empirical ReferentsThe attribute of anxiety can be measured through a number of Anxiety scales such as the Generalized Anxiety Disorder seven-item scale (GAD-7) or The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) (Baldwin, 2016). These measurements can be done before and after the procedure, as well as across a universe of patients who did listen to music as well as those that did not. A similar comparison between heart rate, blood pressure and respiration rate should be done for everyone involved in the study. A general Patient Satisfaction Survey may also be done for all patients to get an overall sense of the experience and to ask specifics on the patient-nurse relationship after the procedure.A study that may be emulated can include the study performed by Hartling et al. (2013) which looked at pediatric patients response to having music played while having an IV placed in an Emergency De partment setting. Within the study an Observational Scale of behavioural Distress-Revised was used to measure behavioral distress, as well as child-reported pain, heart rate and parent and health care provider satisfaction, ease of performing procedure and parental anxiety were measured. This takes into account a variety of different types of data (qualitative vs. quantitative) while measuring success from more than 1 angle.Nursing ApplicationThe following two cases will outline how anxiety can lead to a positive and negative experience while experiencing a blood draw. The model case will show a positive experience of how music is able to reduce anxiety while the contrary case will portray a case in which anxiety is high for the patient.Model CaseJane Doe is coming in for a routine physical with the instruction of fasting as she will have blood drawn for a routine blood panel. Jane has an established rapport with the doctors office she is attending including the nurse who will be pe rforming the blood draw today. Since Jane has had good experiences with this nurse before she is feeling calm prior to her appointment she knows what to expect. When the nurse arrives she explains that they have added a new feature of having music played while the blood is being drawn. She is given a tablet with a music app where Jane is able to choose what music she would like to listen to. This gives Jane a sense of control and involvement in the situation and feels she can relax while the nurse is drawing her blood. As Jane relaxes the nurse is able to easily insert the needle and draw the blood quickly on her first attempt. Janes ability to relax her muscles and lowered anxiety ensured that she would not flinch and potentially disrupt the blood drawing process. After the appointment Jane leaves happy with the interaction with the nurse and feels the music helped in keeping her anxiety at bay in a earthy way reinforcing her positive view of this doctors office.Contrary CaseJane Doe is coming in for a routine physical with the instruction of fasting as she will have blood drawn for a routine blood panel. Jane has never been to this doctors office before and is feeling some anxiety about this new environment. As the nurse gets ready to perform the blood draw, Janes anxiety intensifies as she recalls previous needle sticks. She feels as though she has no control over the situation and is scratch to tense up as the nurse begins prepping her arm. The nurse is unable to accurately place the needle into the vein and has to start over. Jane is now feeling more anxious than ever as the first attempt was very painful and now the nurse will attempt to reinsert the needle again. After the appointment, Jane leaves the office not being confident in the ability of the nurse nor her desire to want to continue making appointments with this doctors office.Discussion and ConclusionThe purpose of this concept analysis was to analyze the effects of music on patient anxiety d uring blood draws. Through the lens of music therapy, psychology and biology it is concluded that music may act as a cost effective and non pharmacological solution to anxiety reduction while also improving patient-nurse relationships and encouraging patients to further seek medical intervention and preventative care in the future. Musical intervention may even encourage patients to seek a more long-term relationship with their nurse or other Healthcare provider which will ensure better health outcomes in their lifetimes.A practical application of this concept would be a very real possibility at the Japanese American Service Committee. Here, older adults are provided with a place to go while their families are at work to provide a stimulating environment as well as ensuring they are safe. Most of the clients suffer from some type of age related difficulties in performing activities of daily living effectively and on their own. Some may have dementia while others are no longer able t o walk safely on their own without an assistive ambulation device. Though JASC does have a nurse on staff, they do not have a need to perform blood draws, though the use of music may come in handy while giving vaccines or administering other types of injection medications.Often clients become anxious towards the end of the day as they worry they will not make it home or that their families have forgotten them. The use of music may be a simple and cost effective way for JASC to engage the clients while reducing their worry. The care takers may also teach the clients about the use of music during stressful medical procedures as many of the clients do see their doctors quite often. The education may also be given to the clients families who may be able to put the concept into use and therefore assist in making these doctors visits less stressful for everyone.Implications for further research include a more comprehensive study across all ages, genders, settings, socioeconomic and insur ance status, various procedures and patients who are predisposed to anxiety disorders. There are many factors that can influence a patients anxiety level and it is important to distinguish between musics effectives versus a persons inability to effectively deal with anxiety.References Allred, K. D., Byers, J. F., Sole, M. L. (2010). The Effect of Music on Postoperative fuss and Anxiety. Pain Management Nursing, 11(1), 15-25. inside10.1016/j.pmn.2008.12.002Baldwin, D. (2016). Generalized anxiety disorder in adults Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, course, assessment, and diagnosis. In M.B. Stein R. Hermann (Eds.). UptoDate. Available from https//www-uptodate-com.ezproxy.depaul.edu/contents/generalized-anxiety-disorder-in-adults-epidemiology-pathogenesis-clinical-manifestations-course-assessment-and-diagnosis?source=search_resultsearch=generalized%20anxiety%20disorder%20diagnosisselectedTitle=1128Bandelow, B., Boerner, J. R., Kasper, S., Linden, M., Wittchen, H. U., Moeller, H. J. (2013). The diagnosis and treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Deutsches Aerzteblatt International, 110(17), 300-309. doi10.3238/arztebl.2013.0300Cooke, D. (2001). The language of music. London Oxford University Press.Detz, A., Lpez, A., Sarkar, U. (2013). Long-Term Doctor-Patient Relationships Patient Perspective From Online Reviews. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(7). doi10.2196/jmir.2552Dollinger, S. J. (1993). Research Note Personality and Music Preference Extraversion and Excitement Seeking or Openness to Experience? Psychology of Music, 21(1), 73-77. doi10.1177/030573569302100105Erlang, A. S., Nielsen, I. H., Hansen, H. O., Finderup, J. (2015). Patients Experiences Of Involvement In Choice Of Dialysis Mode. Journal of Renal Care, 41(4), 260-267. doi10.1111/jorc.12141Freeman, W. J. (1998). A neurobiological role of music on social bonding. In N. Wallin, B. Merkur, S. Brown (Eds.), The Origins of Music. Cambridge MA MIT Press.Hallam, S., Cro ss, I., Thaut, M. (2016). The Oxford handbook of music psychology. Oxford Oxford University Press.Hartling, L., Newton, A. S., Liang, Y., Jou, H., Hewson, K., Klassen, T. P., Curtis, S. (2013). Music to Reduce Pain and Distress in the Pediatric Emergency Department. JAMA Pediatrics, 167(9), 826. doi10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.200Horden, P. (2014). Music as medicine the history of music therapy since antiquity. Aldershot Ashgate.Lahmann, C., Schoen, R., Henningsen, P., Ronel, J., Muehlbacher, M., Loew, T., . . . Doering, S. (2008). Brief residue Versus Music Distraction in the Treatment of Dental Anxiety. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 139(3), 317-324. doi10.14219/jada.archive.2008.0161Mok, E., Wong, K. (n.d.). Effects of Music on Patient Anxiety. Aorn Journal, 77(2), 396-410. http//dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0001-2092(06)61207-6Palakanis, K. C., Denobile, J. W., Sweeney, B. W., Blankenship, C. L. (1994). Effect of music therapy on state anxiety in patients undergoing flexible sigmoidoscopy. Diseases of the Colon Rectum, 37(5), 478-481. doi10.1007/bf02076195Reicherts, P., Gerdes, A. B., Pauli, P., Wieser, M. J. (2016). Psychological Placebo and Nocebo Effects on Pain Rely on Expectation and forward Experience. The Journal of Pain, 17(2), 203-214. doi10.1016/j.jpain.2015.10.010Sloboda, J. A. (1991). Music Structure and Emotional Response Some Empirical Findings. Psychology of Music, 19(2), 110-120. doi10.1177/0305735691192002Thoma, M. V., Marca, R. L., Brnnimann, R., Finkel, L., Ehlert, U., Nater, U. M. (2013). The Effect of Music on the merciful Stress Response. PLoS ONE, 8(8). doi10.1371/journal.pone.0070156Vaajoki, A., Kankkunen, P., Pietil, A., Vehvilinen-Julkunen, K. (2011). Music as a nursing intervention Effects of music listening on blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate in abdominal surgery patients. Nursing Health Sciences, 13(4), 412-418. doi10.1111/j.1442-2018.2011.00633.xWeiss, L. J., Blustein, J. (1996). Faithful pa tients the effect of long-term physician-patient relationships on the costs and use of health care by older Americans. American Journal of Public Health, 86(12), 1742-1747. doi10.2105/ajph.86.12.1742Wiedemann, K. (2015). Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders. In International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 804-810). Amsterdam Elsevier.

Alcohol Consumption Interventions

Alcohol Consumption InterventionsTo investigate how interventions may work we testa custodyt look at the pieces of in deadlyant ingestion on individuals and populations, and draw attention to the search for policies that protect wellness, check health problems such as liver cirrhosis, cardiovascular disease and disability, and address the neighborly problems associated with the harm of intoxicant consumption. What inebriant policy is why it is needed, which interventions be sound, how policy is made, and how scientific evidence can inform the policy-making process? Also looking at why the higher the aver historic period amount of intoxicantic drink consumed in a society, the greater the incidence of problems experienced by that society.We will access the policy responses that are considered to shrink alcoholic drink consumption alcohol taxation, legislative swans on alcohol handiness, and fester restrictions on alcohol purchasing, media information campaigns, scho ol-based education, confederation action programs, and discussion interventions. Considering the go of environments that hoi polloi live in, effects of cultures and social norms that define the appropriate uses of alcohol.The value of population thinking in alcohol policy, and its ability to identify health risks and intimate appropriate interventions comparing different intervention strategies in terms of their potentness, and the ever-changing process that needs to constantly adapt to the evidence of new search results and tested intervention if it is to serve the interests of popular health. One of the biggest determinants to alcohol consumption is the advertise and merchandise of alcohol products by the drinks application.The goal and the nature of alcohol marketing will be examined to illustrate its effects on consumption, cultures and social norms. We will show that much than evidence is needed to progress education as a viable intervention. Showing evidence th at the majority of the population, alter their damaging swallow through the phenomenon of spontaneous remission, maturing out or self channel.It is penny-pinching practice to learn from the ult to plan for the future, the control of alcohol production, distribution, and consumption, has been around for thousands of years, such as requiring that all wine be diluted with water before being sold, these were devised by monarchs, governments, and the clergy to keep open alcohol-related problems.But it was non until the rise of modern medicine and the emergence of the world Temperance Movement in the 19th century that alcohol policy was basic seen as a potential instrument of public health. Between 1914 and 1921, laws prohibiting the manu incidenture and sale of all or most forms of beverage alcohol were adopted in the United States, Canada, Norway, Iceland, Finland, and Russia (Paulson 1973). Most of these laws were repealed during the 1920s and 1930s, and re lay by less extreme regulatory policies.To view alcohol policies through the narrowly focused perspective of prohibition, however, is to ignore the fact that most policy-making during the past century has been incremental, deliberate, and respectful of peoples right to drink in moderation. Alcohol control policies in public health perspective (Bruun et al. 1975), Sponsored by the World Health Organization (WHO), the monograph drew attention to the preventable nature of alcohol problems and to the role of national governments and international agencies in the formulation of rational and effective alcohol policies.Alcohol control policies stimulated a heated debate not just among academics, but similarly among policy-makers. The most significant aspect of the hold back was its main thesis the higher the average amount of alcohol consumed in a society, the greater the incidence of problems experienced by that society. Consequently, one way to prevent alcohol problems is through policies directed at the simplification of average alcohol consumption, particularly those policies that limit the availability of alcohol.In the early 1990s, a new trade union movement was commissioned by WHO to review the development of the world literature pertaining to alcohol policy. The new study produced Alcohol policy and the public good, a book that turn up to be as thought-provoking as its predecessor (Edwards et al. 1994). The book concluded that public health policies on alcohol had come of age because of the strong significant underpinnings derived from the scientific research that had grown in breadth and sophistication since 1975.After reviewing the evidence on taxation of alcohol, restrictions on alcohol availability, inebriety and driving countermeasures, school-based education, community action programs, and word interventions, it was concluded that The research establishes beyond doubt that public health measures of proven effectiveness are purchasable to serve the public good by r educing the widespread costs and pain related to alcohol use.To that end, it is appropriate to deploy responses that influence both the total amount of alcohol consumed by a population and the high-risk scenes and drinking behaviours that are so often associated with alcohol-related problems. During the past decade in that respect concur been major improvements in the way alcohol problems are studied in relation to alcohol policies. With the growth of the knowledge base and the maturation of alcohol science, at that place is now a real luck to invest in evidence-based alcohol policies as an instrument of public health.In 1994, Edwards and his colleagues domiciliated a broader view of alcohol policy, considering it as a public health response dictated in part by national and historical concerns. Though there was not an explicit definition of the nature of alcohol policy, its meaning could be inferred from the wealth of policy responses that were considered alcohol taxation, le gislative controls on alcohol availability, and age restrictions on alcohol purchasing, media information campaigns, and school-based education, to name a few.Public policies are significant decisions made by governments through laws, rules, and regularisations (Longest 1998). The word authoritative indicates that the decisions come from the legitimate scope of legislators and other public interest group officials, not from private industry or related advocacy groups. Based on their nature and purpose, alcohol polices can be classified into two categories allocative and regulatory (Longest 1998).Allocative policies are in beed to provide a net benefit to a distinct group or type of organization ( neartimes at the expense of other groups or organizations) in severalise to achieve some public objective. The provision of treatment for alcohol-dependent persons is an example of a policy that seeks to reduce the harm caused by alcohol or to make up access to run for certain populati on groups.In contrast to allocative policies, regulatory policies seek to influence the actions, behaviours, and decisions of others through direct control of individuals or organizations. Economic regulation through price controls and taxation is often applied to alcoholic beverages to reduce demand and to generate tax revenues. Laws that impose a minimum purchasing age and limit hours of sale have long been used to restrict access to alcohol for reasons of health and safety.From the perspective of this paper, the central purpose of alcohol interventions is to serve the interests of public health and social well-being through their impact on health and social determinants, such as drinking patterns, the drinking environment, and the health services available to treat problem drinkers. Drinking patterns and behaviours that lead to intoxication, which leads to accidents, injuries, and violence.Similarly, drinking patterns that promote frequent and heavy alcohol consumption are associ ated with chronic health problems such as liver cirrhosis, cardiovascular disease, and depression. Alcohol is causally related to more than 60 International Classification of Diseases reckons (Rehm, Room, Graham, and others 2003) disease outcomes are among the most important alcohol-related problems.4 part of the global burden of disease is attributable to alcohol, or about as much death and disability globally as is attributable to tobacco and hypertension (Ezzati and others 2002 WHO 2002). The conclusions for alcohol policy are the same, whether alcohol is the sole causal cipher for or consequence, a causal factor among many others or a factor mediating the influence of another causal factor.In all cases alcohol contributes to social burden, and public policy must strive to reduce this burden, as well as the alcohol-related burden of disease. While there may be some off organiseting psychological benefits from drinking (Peele and Brodsky 2000), from the point of view of minimiz ing the social harm from drinking, the general conclusion is that the pull down the consumption, the better.The environmental determinants of alcohol-related harm include the physical availability of the product, the social norms that define the appropriate uses of alcohol (e.g., as a beverage, as an intoxicant, as a medicine), and the economic incentives that promote its use. Health and social policies that influence the availability of alcohol, the social circumstances of its use, and its retail price are likely to reduce the harm caused by alcohol in a society.Overall, the conclusion must be that alcohol consumption levels affect the health of a population as a whole. In admission to this, the predominant pattern of drinking in a population can have a major influence on the extent of damage from alcohol consumption. Patterns that seem to add to the damage are drinking to intoxication, and recurrent binge drinking. Another important determinant of health in relation to alcohol is the availability of and access to health services, particularly those designed to deal with alcohol dependence and alcohol-related disabilities.Alcohol-related health services can be preventive, acute, and rehabilitative, and can be either involuntary or coercive. Health policies have a major impact on the alcohol treatment and preventive services available in people at heart a country through health care financing and the organization of the health care system. Bondy S.J. (1996) Public health is concerned with the management and prevention of diseases and injuries in human populations. Unlike clinical medicine, which focuses on the care and cure of disease in individual cases, public health deals with groups of individuals, called populations.The value of population thinking in alcohol policy is in its ability to identify health risks and suggest appropriate interventions that are most likely to benefit the greatest number of people. The excogitation of population is based on the assumption that groups of individuals exhibit certain commonalities by virtue of their shared characteristics (e.g., gender), shared environment (e.g., towns, countries) or shared occupations (e.g., alcoholic beverage service workers) that increase their risk of disease and disability, including alcohol-related problems (Fos and Fine 2000).They also provide epidemiological data to monitor trends, design better interventions, and evaluate programs and services. In the context of the public good served by effective alcohol policy refers to those things that benefit most for a given society. One such public good would be effective intervention that would reduce alcohol related harm. Just as the eradication of malaria or (HIV) infections globally are seen as global public goods (Smith et al 2003).By locating alcohol policy within the realm of public health and social policy, rather than economics, felonious justice, or social welfare, Authorities tend to approach alcohol as a majo r determinant of ill health. Health is viewed not only as the absence of disease and injury, but also as a state in which the biological, psychological, and social functioning of a person are maximized in everyday life (Brook and McGlynn 1991).The way in which health is defined and valued within a society has important implications for alcohol policy. If it is defined narrowly as the absence of disease, then(prenominal) the focus is often placed on the treatment of alcohol dependence and the clinical management of alcohol-related disabilities, such as cirrhosis of the liver and traumatic injuries. If health is defined more broadly, then alcohol policy can be directed at proactive interventions that help many more people attain optimal levels of health.Health is influenced by a variety of factors, including the physical, social, and economic environments that people live in, and by their genetic make-up, their personal lifestyles, and the health services that they have access to. An attempt is made to synthesize what is known about evidence-based interventions that can be translated into policy. By comparing different intervention strategies in terms of their effectiveness, scientific support, generalism, and cost, it becomes possible to evaluate the relative nicety of different strategies, both alone and in combination, to present problems and future needs.As the scientific basis for alcohol policy begins to take shape, it is becoming apparent that there is no single definitive, much less politically acceptable, approach to the prevention of alcohol problems a combination of strategies and policies is needed. If this realization is sobering, so too is the conviction, argued in this paper, that alcohol policy is an ever-changing process that needs to constantly adapt to the evidence of new research results and tested intervention if it is to serve the interests of public health. It will acquire extraordinary measures, some of them relatively painless to imp lement, others more demanding in terms of resources, ingenuity, and public support.Another important factor is the social norms of a society where there are important differences in the cultural meaning of drinking for men and women. Societies normative expectations regarding the use of alcohol vary across age groups and surrounded by men and women. In some societies, drinking has been almost exclusively a province of men (Roizen 1981), In many societies, abstention rates increase in the by and by stages of life for both men and woman (Demers et al. 2001 Taylor et al. 2007).This reflects social norms as older people are not suppose to get intoxicated and party as is common amongst immature people. Most societies use taxation of alcoholic beverages to bring in revenue in larger or smaller quantities to relevant budgets. alcohol-dependent beverages are, by any reckoning, important, economically.The benefits connected with the production, sale, and use of alcohol come at an enormou s cost to society. Public health specialists and policy-makers who forget this fact do so only at their peril (Edwards and Holder 2000). Also social customs and economic interests should not blind us to the fact that alcohol is a toxic substance. It has the potential to adversely affect nearly every organ and system of the body. No other goodness sold for ingestion, not even tobacco, has such large adverse physical effects.Taking account of alcohols potential for toxicity is therefore an important task for public health policy. Especially the past decade, it can be said that remarkable progress was made in the scientific consciousness of alcohols harmful effects, as scientists discovered biological, chemical, and psychological explanations for humans propensity to consume what has been called the uncertain molecule (Edwards 2000).One of the biggest determinants to alcohol consumption is the advertising and marketing of alcohol products by the drinks industry. The extent and the nature of alcohol marketing have changed globally in the last decade, and the research has also expanded considerably to better understand its effects. Most of the new research is directed to the measurement of the impact of marketing on youth.More is now known about the effects of marketing on young peoples beliefs and intentions to drink as well as on their drinking behaviour. look has investigated the impact of marketing other than the broadcast and print media advertising, although some of the new media and marketing approaches being used by the alcohol industry remain immensurable and under-researched.The first examination is the current state of alcohol marketing and what is known about the way in which marketing has its impact. Second, two different policy approaches codes of confine and restrictions to reduce exposure are assessed for their likely impact on consumption and harm. Interventions that change exposure to advertising have often been limited and evaluations hav e motley findings.More effort has gone into the establishment of codes aimed to affect the content of the advertising. Conclusions regarding the likely effects of these approaches can be made based on theoretical understanding and empirical evidence about the way in which marketing has its effects and its measured impacts. Conclusions may also be informed by research on tobacco advertising where the impacts are established and widely accepted (Lovato et al. 2004 Henriksen et al. 2008).The alcohol industry insists that they only advertise to promote their own particular brands, and that the advertising does not affect any rise in the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Research and evidence shows that the commodity chain digest highlights the importance of advertising, sponsorship and other forms of marketing to a globalized alcohol industry (Jernigan 2006). The marketing of the products and brand(s) produced is essential for the profit-making enterprise.Marketing now involves much more than advertising using traditional media outlets such as print, television, and radio. Marketing exploits the possibilities provided by the design of products. New products and packaging have been certain to meet the needs and wants of different sectors of the market (Brain 2000). Pre-mixed drinks in which spirits or beer are made more palatable by the addition of a soft drink base or fruit flavourings have expanded in sales very cursorily and have become associated in some contexts, but not all, with heavier consumption (Huckle et al. 2008b).Packaging has increased acceptability and palatability of alcoholic beverages among young people (Copeland et al. 2007 furnish et al. 2007). It utilizes a range of new media opportunities including electronic means, and a key element is the sponsorship of sporting and cultural events. The measured media (usually broadcast and print) is known to be an underestimation of the marketing effort by a factor of two to four (Anderson et al. 200 9b). Marketing at the place of sale has become increasingly important with an expansion of alcohol sales into more retail outlets.This often goes hand in hand with pricing promotions. For example buy-some-get-some-free (Jones and Lynch 2007). Promotion of alcohol brands in electronic media is a major part of marketing. Advertising is also shown in cinemas and this is increasingly supplemented by product placement in movies and television. Newer forms of electronic communication such as earnings networking sites e-mail and cell phones have also provided new opportunities for alcohol promotion which are popular with young people (Jernigan and OHara 2004).Sports and cultural events, particularly those with appeal to young people, are widely sponsored by alcohol brands. They also provide opportunities for direct marketing through free gifts and exclusive pourage rights (Hill and Casswell 2004). Carlsbergs sponsorship of the EURO 2004 football/soccer championship was report to grow the brand by about 6% worldwide Carlsberg told shareholders that its signage had appeared in the background of television sport coverage for an average of 16 minutes per plunk for (Carlsberg 2006).Much of marketing, including that based on sponsorship, crosses national boundaries. (Breen 2008). The theology is that the first stage is liking alcohol advertisements, followed by a desire to emulate the featured characters (including those that exhibit the lifestyle of young adults), and then the belief expressed that acting this way will result in positive benefits (Austin et al. 2006). Much of the marketing that targets young people is driven by an understanding of the importance of alcohol consumption for identity formation.The advertising is designed to provide humour, attractive ideas, images, phrases, and other resources that are used in the process of peer-to-peer interaction as identity is formed and communicated (McCreanor et al. 2005). The longitudinal studies have been subjecte d to systematic reviews. The strength of the association, the consistency of the findings, the temporal relationship, the dose-response relationship and the theoretical plausibility of the effect have led to the conclusion that alcohol advertising increases the likelihood that young people will start to use alcohol and will drink more if they are already using alcohol (Jernigan 2006 Smith and Foxcroft 2009 Anderson et al 2009b).Experience with policies to restrict the negative impacts of marketing is less well developed than with other areas of alcohol policy. In part this reflects the rapid developments and financial investment in marketing and media over the last four decades and a failure of policy developments to keep au fait of marketing practices. Research has suggested that voluntary codes are subject to under-interpretation and under-enforcement (Rearck Research 1991 Saunders and Yap 1991 Sheldon 2000 Dring and Hope 2001 Jones et al. 2008) including a bias in favour of the corporations represented on the decision-making get on with (Marin Institute 2008a).There are also documented cases of the instability of such voluntary codes in response to changing market conditions (Martin et al. 2002 Hill and Casswell 2004). Following the entre of a co-regulatory approach in the UK, in which a government agency was delegated the handling of broadcast complaints to the Advertising Standards Authority (funded by the Alcohol industry), a code change was introduced.Research demonstrated that advertisements continued to contain attributes that appealed to young people and the data showed a link between exposure to advertisements and consumption of specific beverages (Gunter et al. 2008). This hard body of research has shown that, even if alcohol marketing remains in line with codes on alcohol advertising content, it nevertheless encourages drinking and has an impact on younger peoples beliefs and alcohol consumption levels.A recent analysis of self-regulation by t he alcohol industry in the UK concluded it was not an effective driver of change towards good practice (KPMG 2008b). Overall there is no evidence to support the effectiveness of industry self-regulatory codes, either as a means of limiting advertisements deemed impossible or as a way of limiting alcohol consumption (Booth et al 2008). Research has also suggested that the effects of marketing on beliefs about alcohol counteract any possible effect from health promotion activities (Wallack 1983 Centre on Alcohol Marketing and Youth 2003).Recipients, who bring their own cultural and social experiences to their interpretation of the marketing, may perceive heavy drinking or intoxication as represented within the advertising even when it is not shown directly (Duff 2003 McCreanor et al 2008). This is particularly likely to have an impact on efforts to reduce heavier drinking as a cultural norm.Direct effect on exposed individuals is not the only concern which underpins restrictions on m arketing, however. It is possible that widespread marketing, which promotes alcohol as a positive and commonplace element of everyday life, has an impact on social norms around alcohol which may, in turn, affect the acceptability of more restrictive policies and practice. In effect, marketing is a force for ensuring that alcohol is dealt with as if it were an ordinary commodity (Casswell 1997).There is clearly a need for an independent review of the evidence, with a view to impose restrictions that can meet public health goals. In some jurisdictions there are restrictions, typically by regulation, on exposure to alcohol marketing by media type, beverage type, time of broadcast or composition of media audiences (particularly of younger people). Most research has focused on exposure of young people to the measured media. This varies by country.In the USA, young people aged 15-26 years on average reported seeing the equivalent of almost 360 advertisements per year, the majority on tele vision. Restrictions imposed by agreement among industry actors are inherently unstable. In the context of the EU and other trade agreements, they may be subject to legal attack as an illegal restraint of trade. They may also be slowly breached or dropped. The effect of partial bans was also reported not to have affected consumption in seventeen countries over 26 years (Nelson 2008a), in a study with material that included at least fifteen consequential changes in bans.A comprehensive regulation of alcohol marketing, and one which has retained political support for more than a decade, one of the key elements of the Loi Evin (relevant to the need to control the current ongoing proliferation of marketing approaches) is that advertising of alcohol is prohibited in all media unless the law provides for an exemption there is a complete ban on sponsorship and on advertising in many media, including television and cinema.Such advertising regulation has been challenged. However, restricti ons on alcohol advertising to meet public health goals have been upheld by the courts, although sometimes with some modification. However, the findings of an effect of exposure to marketing identify the question of controls on advertising high on the policy agenda.The extent to which effective restrictions would reduce consumption and related harm in younger age groups must remain somewhat of an open question. The most probable scenario, based on the theoretical and empirical evidence available, is that extensive restriction of marketing would have an impact.The evidence suggests there can be other effective restrictions other than advertising, strategies such as availability can have an effect studies of restriction on alcohol availability support the conclusion that such strategies can contribute to the reduction of alcohol problems. The best available evidence comes from studies of changes in retail availability, including reduction in hours and days of sale, limits on the numbe r of outlets and restriction on retail access to alcohol.For young people, laws that raise the minimum legal drinking age reduce alcohol sales and problems. This strategy has the strongest empirical support (Shults et al 2001 Wagenaar and Toomey 2002), with dozens of studies finding substantial impact on traffic and other casualties from change of the drinking age. The cost of raising the drinking age is low, and as the evidence shows that in the USA they estimated that thousands of lives have been saved over the last decade (Wagenaar et al. 1998).A WHO analysis of the relative cost of a restricted access option estimated that Saturday closing would have considerable societal benefits in most parts of the world, though that would however be less than the result from a substantial price rise in alcohol via taxation.(Chisholm et al. 2006 Anderson et al. 2009a) This provides evidence that regulations backed up with enforcement can be effective in reducing alcohol consumption and probl ems this is also used to force all sellers to hold a specific license to sell alcohol beverages, if there is any sales infringements the license can be suspended or revoked.As well as restrictions and regulation strategies, measures to reduce the harm in drinking situations are thus a useful option in the mix of strategies for preventing, alcohol-related problems. The less the political process is willing to support general alcohol control and tax measures the more important local harm reduction measures become. Alcohol policies are primarily the concern of local, regional, and national governments, which often view the provision of treatment as part of a comprehensive approach to alcohol-related problems.In addition to its value in the reduction of human suffering, treatment can be considered as a form of prevention. When it occurs soon after the onset of alcohol problems, it is called secondary prevention when it is initiated to control the damage associated with chronic drinking, it is called tertiary prevention. As one of the first societal responses to alcohol problems, treatment interventions have not been critically examined as policy options, despite the resources they consume and the scientific evidence that is available concerning their effectiveness and costs.To what extent are alcohol treatment and early intervention services effective in reducing population rates of alcohol-related harm? Other questions relevant to treatment policy include the following Should people with these conditions be managed within the general health care system, specialized addiction services, social welfare agencies, psychiatric facilities, the criminal justice system, or a combination of these entities? What is the optimal amount and best combination of services needed to serve the needs of a country or a geographic area? What kinds of treatment systems are best suited to prevent the marginalization of people with chronic alcohol problems? How can treatment services be st be nonionized to provide the most effective treatment at the lowest cost?Treatment for alcohol problems typically involves a set of services, ranging from diagnostic assessment to therapeutic interventions and continuing care. Researchers have identified more than 40 therapeutic approaches, called treatment modalities, which have been evaluated by means of randomized clinical trials (Miller et al. 1995). Examples include motivational counselling, relapse prevention training, marital and family therapy, aversion therapy, cognitive-behavioural therapy, pharmacotherapy, and interventions based on the Twelve Steps of Alcoholics Anonymous.These modalities are delivered in a variety of settings, including residential facilities, psychiatric and general hospital settings, outpatient programmes, and primary care. More recently, treatment services in some countries have been organized into systems that are defined by linkages between different facilities and levels of care, and by the ex tent of integration with other types of services, such as mental health, drug dependence treatment, and mutual help organizations (Klingemann et al. 1993 Klingemann and Klingemann 1999).Most treatment research and the scientific evidence derived from it are component-based, focusing on a single intervention or episode of care. In general, the research, evidence can be organized according to three types of intervention within the emerging treatment systems of countries where information on efficacy and effectiveness is available, interventions for non-dependent high-risk drinkers, formal treatment) for problem drinking and alcohol dependence, and mutual help interventions.Harmful drinking typically precedes the development of alcohol dependence, and by definition it can cause serious medical and psychological problems in the absence of dependence. With the increased interest in clinical preventive services in both developed and developing countries, early intervention programmes have been developed by WHO and national agencies to facilitate the management of harmful drinking in primary health care and other settingsInterven

A Study On Cumene Plant Engineering Essay

A Study On Cumene Plant Engineering EssayThe establishment considered for study, air and optimisation is a cumene wareion plant. The bring described by Peterson and Schmidt is taken as base for simulating the system. The process description of Turton et al. (2003) provides relevant and valuable selective in melodic phraseation required for the simulation of the process.Raw materials fed to the plant argon benzene and propene (may contain propane as an impurity) in which benzene is in wastefulness. Various unit ope balancens and processes atomic human body 18 required to be taken c ar of which argon described in some detail below. The major units in the process plant are the nuclear nuclear reactor section and the separator section.1.2 RELEVANCEIsopropyl benzene popularly known as cumene is the principal chemic substance calld in the production of phenol and its co-product acetone on an industrial scale. It is also the starting material in the production of ace slide byhe none, methyl styrene, diisopropyl benzene and dicumyl peroxide. Minor uses of cumene include as a thinner for paints, enamels, and lacquers as a constituent of some petroleum-based solvents, such as naphtha in gasoline blending diesel fuel, and tall-octane aviation fuel. It is also a good solvent for fats and resins and has been suggested as a replacement for benzene in many of its industrial applications.Around 98% of cumene is used to produce phenol and its co-product acetone. However, the requirement of cumene is largely dependent on the use of phenols derivatives which have resulted in increasing requirement rates for cumene. The largest phenol derivative is bisphenol-A (BPA) which supplies the polycarbonate (PC) sector. PC resins are consumed in automotive applications in place of traditional materials such as glass and metals. Glazing and sheet uses, such as architectural, security and glazing outlets, are also important PC applications. The third largest use for PC is optica l media such as compact discs (CDs) and digital versatile discs (DVDs). An new(prenominal) phenol derivative is caprolactam which is used mainly to make nylon 6. It is mainly the resin sector of the nylon market that is seeing growth. Schmidt, 2005Cumene is produced by the alkylation of benzene with propene over an acid gas pedal like aluminium chloride, boron trifluoride, phosphoric acid, hydrogen fluoride, support phosphoric acid (SPA) etc. The usage of the above catalysts poses a kettle of fish of problems like product quality, lower catalyst activity, environmental hazard, catalyst non-regenerability etc and has been replaced by zeolites in most of the processes.In the present work the cumene production plant is simulated victimization ASPEN PLUS and the sizes, the temperature and opposite relevant parameters are obtained by optimisation. MATLAB, MS pass by and Origin Pro 8.0 are used to plot graphs in the next simulation from which an optimum value is estimated. The opti mized values obtained usher out provide a lot of insight before actual plant commissioning is done.1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECTConsidering the importance of the present process, work was undertaken to design and simulate the cumene production process using ASPEN PLUS software. The objectives of the present project are following.To design a zeolite catalyst based cumene production process and study the sensitivity analysis.To optimize the contents of the full point sheet for minimization of loss of material along with a greater production of cumene and low requirement of energy.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE survey2. LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 CONVENTIONAL shapeCumene is produced by the alkylation of benzene with propylene over an acid catalyst. Catalysts like aluminium chloride, boron trifluoride, hydrogen fluoride and comforting phosphoric acid (SPA) are normally used. Over the years these catalysts have dividen way to zeolite based catalysts. There are some inherent problems associated with the conventional acid catalysts.Disadvantages of using signifi give nonicet phosphoric acid (SPA) ProcessLower activityCatalyst non-regenerabilityUnloading of spent catalyst from reactor difficultRelative high selectivity to hexyl benzene significant yield of DIPBDisadvantages of using Aluminium chloride as catalystHigh corrosionEnvironmental hazardWashing step for catalyst removal.2.2 CURRENT INDUSTRIAL PROCESSCumene is an important chemical in the present industrial world and its uses are steadily increasing. The process followed for the production of cumene is the catalytic alkylation of benzene with propylene and now a days zeolite based catalysts are used in place of the normal acid based catalysts due to added advantages. Cumene production process has been greatly studied and the reply implement and the reception kinetics have been contract by many researchers. Both experimental as vigorous as computer based simulation and optimization studies have been carried out by various researchers. The significant works of various researchers which have been helpful in my project are described in brief below.The Q-Max process converts a pastiche of benzene and propylene to high quality cumene using a regenerable zeolite catalyst. The Q-Max process is characterized by a exceptionally high yield, better product quality, less solid waste, decrease in investment and operating bes and a corrosion free environment. The Q-Max process developed by UOP uses QZ-2000/ QZ-2001 catalyst which is a variant of zeolite. Schmidt, 20052.2.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTIONThe Q-MAX process provides a very good cumene yield and quality. The QZ-2000 zeolite based catalyst used in the Q-MAX process operates with a low flow rate of benzene and hence investment and utility costs are reduced greatly. QZ-2000 is non-corrosive and regenerable, avoiding the significant maintenance and catalyst administration problems associated with SPA and AlCl3 systems. Compared to other zeolite based c umene technologies, the Q-MAX process provides better tolerance of ruststock impurities, the highest cumene product quality and excellent stability.The Q-MAX process flow scheme is shown in fig 2.1 above. The alkylation reactor is divided into four catalytic beds present in a single reactor shell. The fresh benzene persist is passed done the upper-mid section of the depropanizer column to get through excess water and then sent to the alkylation reactor. The recycle benzene to the alkylation and transalkylation reactors is a drawn from the benzene column. This mixture of fresh and recycle benzene is charged through the alkylation reactor. The fresh propylene melt is split between the catalyst beds and is fully consumed in each bed. An excess of benzene helps in avoiding poly alkylation and minimizing olefin oligomerization. Because the answer is exoergic in nature, the temperature rise in the alkylation reactor is controlled by recycling a pct of the reactor outflowing to th e reactor inlet to act as a heat sink. The inlet temperature of each downstream bed is further reduced to the same temperature as the first bed inlet by injecting a portion of cooled reactor effluent between the beds. Effluent from the alkylation reactor flows to the depropanizer column which removes the propane that entered with the propylene feed along with excess water. The bottoms stream of the depropanizer column goes to the benzene column where excess benzene is collected overhead and recycled. The benzene column bottoms stream goes to the cumene column where the cumene product is recovered overhead. The cumene column bottoms stream, predominantly diisopropylbenzene (DIPB), goes to the DIPB column. If the propylene feed contains excessive butylenes, or if the benzene feed contains excessive toluene, butylbenzenes and/or cumene are distilled out and purged from the overhead section of the DIPB column. The DIPB stream leaves the column by way of the side draw and is recycled hi nd end to the transalkylation reactor. The DIPB column bottoms consist of heavy aromatic by-products, which are normally blended into fuel oil. Steam or hot oil provides the heat for the product fractional process section. The recycle DIPB from the overhead of the DIPB column combines with a portion of the recycle benzene and is charged downflow through the transalkylation reactor. In the transalkylation reactor, DIPB and benzene are converted to more cumene. The effluent from the transalkylation reactor is then sent to the benzene column. The new QZ-2001 catalyst is utilized in the alkylation reactor while the original QZ-2000 catalyst remains in the transalkylation reactor. pass judgment catalyst cycle length is 24 years, and the catalyst should last for at least three cycles with proper care. At the end of each cycle, the catalyst is typically regenerated ex situ via a simple carbon burn by a certified regeneration contractor. However, the unit can also be designed for in situ r egeneration. The Q-Max process typically produces near equilibrium levels of cumene (between 85 and 95 mol %) and DIPB (between 5 and 15 mol %). The DIPB is separated from the cumene and is reacted with recycle benzene at optimal conditions for transalkylation to produce additional cumene. Schmidt, 2005, Peterson and Schmidt, 20022.2.2 REACTION MECHANISM AND KINETICSThe following reaction mechanisms are proposed for the alkylation of benzene to cumene process. The major reactions taking place are alkylation and trans-alkylation. The other reactions involved include isomerisation and dis-proportionation. The reaction mechanism as well as the reaction kinetics may vary depending on the catalyst used. The reaction can proceed by with or without carbonium ion intermediate. Ding and Fu, 2005The rates of reaction entropy was obtained for different catalysts from the work done by various researchers. The kinetic selective information and the reaction conditions specified by Turton et al ( 2003) for a particular catalyst have been used in the present work.The reaction kinetic data is shown belowpropene + benzene cumene K = 2.8 107E (kJ/kmol) 104174Rate=kcpcb propylene + cumene p-diisoproyl benzeneK = 2.32 109E (kJ/kmol) 146742Rate=kcpcc(The unit for rates is kmol s-1 m-3)Turton et al, 2003Trans-alkylation reactionK= 6.52 10-3 exp (27240/RT)The equilibrium data for trans-alkylation reaction is obtained for modified zeolite beta catalyst, YSBH-01. Lei et al, 2007From various works on cumene production mechanism the overall reaction can be assumed to consist of the following stages.AlkylationIsomerisationTransalkylationDis-proportionation2.3 PROPERTIES OF CUMENEDescription Colorless liquid with a sharp, penetrating aromatic or gas-like odour Budavari, 1989 Cavender, 1994 change state Point 152.4C Lide, 1995Melting Point -96.0C Lide, 1995Density 0.8618 g/cm3 at 20C Lide, 1995Refractive Index 1.4915 at 20C Schulz et al., 1993 1.489 at 25C Lewis, 1993Solubility water- insoluble in water miscible in acetone, benzene, and ethanol Lide, 1995Flash Point 39C, closed cup Budavari, 1989Reactivity Combustible Lewis, 1993, not compatible with oxidizers, nitric acid and sulphuric acid.2.4 PROCESS DESIGN BASICSProcess design is a very important aspect before any project murder as a proper design during the initial stages can save costs to a great extent. The cost involved in designing a project is very less compared to the construction cost and it can be greatly helpful in maximizing profits of the plant as well as providing a safe environment. The plot shown in figure of speech. 2.2 gives a brief idea of how proper plant design can cut costs to a great extent.The following points need to be taken care for a proper process design.Raw material cost reduction. Selectivity of reaction is increased by proper use of catalysts. Increasing selectivity can reduce separation and recycle costs.Capital-cost reduction. Better flow sheeting can reduce capital costs efficaciouslyEnergy use reduction. Pinch point analysis is used for energy saving.Increased process flexibility. Process plant should be able to handle a range of feed compositions.Increased process safety. Nonlinear analysis can be done to make the process safer.Increased attention to quality. Reduction of by products and the effective use of process control equipment can lead to process safety.Better environmental performance. Minimization of harmful wastes to the environment.The order in which designing should be done follows a systematic procedure as shown in Fig 2.4.A process simulation diagram is drawn from the process flow diagram. The chemical components are specified. The chemical component properties are generally available in a standard data base. The input streams are specified. Thermodynamic modelling is done. series of simulations are run for convergence of a particular variable. Sensitivity analysis which consists of varying the sampled variables as a function of th e manipulated variables is normally done. The major separate of a cumene production plant are reactor system, separation system and they are optimized.CHAPTER 3DESIGN PROCEDURE, RESULT DISCUSSIONThis chapter is divided into two main parts as (i) Reactor and (ii) Separator. The reactor design involves design of equilibrium based reactor as well as kinetic based reactor. The separator system involves the design of ostentate storage army tank and distillation column. As the product purity is increased by increasing the working cost of the reactor, the separation cost decreases and iniquity versa. The sequence of computation followed is shown in Fig. 3.1.3.1 REACTOR DESIGNReactor is the heart of a chemical process plant. Design of a reactor requires data from thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, fluid mechanics, heat transfer, mass transfer and economics. A properly designed reactor can minimize the production of unwanted products and hence reduce the civilisation costs.The alkylati on and trans-alkylation reactors are the main reactors in a cumene production plant and they need to be designed for optimum use of material and energy. In all the optimization work done Douglas Doctrine (the costs of raw materials and products are usually much larger than the costs of energy or capital in a typical chemical process. Therefore the process must be designed (investing capital and paying for energy) so as to not waste feed stocks or lose products (particularly in the form of undesirable products) is followed. Luyben, 2010 Kinetic model can be considered if accurate kinetic data is available. But a plant involves industrial reactors that are very complex and hence a proper combination of stoichiometric and kinetic reactor needs to be used. Kinetic model can determine the production rate where as stoichiometric model can describe the formation of by products and impurities necessary for the design of separators. Equilbrium based reactors like RGIBBS in ASPEN PLUS can giv e a realistic idea about the maximum achievable performance. They work accurately for fast reactions. The RGIBBS reactor predicts the equilibrium submerging by Gibbs free energy minimization. Dimian, 2003 Generally in reactor design an equilibrium model is prepared and then the kinetic model.The following reaction mechanism was proposed by various researchers for alkylation of benzene by cumene.3.1.1 REACTIONS CONSIDERED FOR MODELINGAlkylationpropylene + benzene cumene (1)propylene + cumene p-diisoproyl benzene (2)Isomerisationp-diisopropyl benzene m-diisopropyl benzene (3)Trans-alkylationp-diisopropyl benzene + benzene 2 cumene (4)m-diisopropyl benzene + benzene 2 cumene (5)Disproportination2 cumene p-diisopropyl benzene + benzene (6)2 cumene m-diisopropyl benzene + benzene (7)3.1.2 REACTOR DESIGN PROCEDURE IN ASPEN PLUSThe feed is a mixture of benzene and propylene such that benzene is in excess. In general propylene is not available in the pure form and has some do of pr opane as inert. The separation cost of propane is high and hence normally propane is not removed from the propylene feed into the reactor. A high renascence of propylene is desired and the unreacted propylene can be set on fireed off along with the inert propane. RGIBBS reactor works by Gibbs free energy minimization. Alkylation and trans-alkylation reactors need not be modelled separately as they can be combined into one equilibrium reactor. The reactant, products as well as the intermediates as seen from the reaction mechanisms are specified into the component list. SYSOP0 or Ideal property table is used. A temperature range of 300 to 400 degree Celsius is specified and a proper temperature chosen. Pressure of 25 atm is chosen from previous industrial research work. Luyben, 20103.1.3 EQUILIBRIUM STUDIESThe equilibrium is usurped by the temperature as well as the benzene/propylene groyne ratio. The alkylation and transalkylation reaction is usually carried out at atmospheric im perativeness. Therefore, the effect of pressure on the equilibrium was not considered in the present study.Seven reactor models are available in ASPEN PLUS. The equilibrium based RGIBBS reactor is used to find the product composition at which the Gibbs free energy of the product is minimum. The restricted chemical equilibrium approach is used and the reactions mentioned above are specified. The temperature approach for an individual reaction is used. The feed stream mole flow is set as 1 kmol / hr and the feed stream consists of benzene, propylene and propane (inert mixed with the propylene stream). Amount of inert in feed is kept fixed. The reactor temperature is set to 3500C and the reactor pressure is set to 25 atm. (a) The selectivity of cumene and variation of propylene (limiting reagent) is studied by varying the benzene/propylene mole ratio in the feed keeping the criterion of inert fixed. The effect of temperature variation (3004000C) on the selectivity and the conversion is also studied. (b) Again, the variation in the selectivity of m-DIPB and p-DIPB with temperature and benzene/propylene mole ratio in the feed is studied. The conversion and selectivity were calculated using equations 8 to 11.%Selectivity of cumene = Fcumeneproduct /(Fpropylenefeed-Fpropyleneprod)100% (8)%Conversion of propylene = (Fpropylenefeed-Fpropyleneprod)/Fpropylenefeed 100 % (9)%Selectivity of m-DIPB = Fmdipbproduct/(Fpropylenefeed-Fpropyleneprod) 100% (10)%Selectivity of p-DIPB = Fpdipbproduct/(Fpropylenefeed-Fpropyleneprod) 100% (11)WhereFcumeneproduct = sub flow rate of cumene in productFpropylenefeed = molar flow rate of propylene in feedFpropyleneprod = molar flow rate of propylene in productFmdipbproduct = molar flow rate of m-DIPB in productFpdipbproduct = molar flow rate of p-DIPB in productRSTOIC reactor model was used to find the standard heat of reaction for different reactions 1 to 6 mentioned above. The standard heats of reaction have been tabulated in cont rol board 3.1.1. The heat of reaction for isomerisation was install to be zero as expected. The all other reactions were found to be exothermic except trans-alkylation reactions as observed from the table.Table 3.1.1 Standard Heats of ReactionReaction NumberStandard Heat of Reaction (Kcal/Kg mol)1-23.6702-24.3213040.64950.6496-0.3257-0.324Effect of temperature and benzene/propylene mole ratio.The effect of temperature and benzene/propylene mole ratio on equilibrium conversion of propylene and selectivity of products, cumene, m-DIPB, and p-DIPB is shown in Fig. 3.1.1. The conversion of propylene was found to increase with increase in benzene/propylene mole ratio for a fixed temperature as observed from the Fig. 3.1.1(a). This is because of reduced proportion of propylene in feed. However, variation of conversion of propylene was found to be negligibly little(a) above the benzene/propylene mole ratio in feed of 3. The conversion of propylene was found to decrease with increase in te mperature for a fixed benzene/propylene mole ratio as observed from the Fig. 3.1.1(a). This is because of the fact that overall heat of reactions is exothermic as shown in Table 3.1.1.The selectivity of cumene was found to increase with increase in benzene/propylene mole ratio at a fixed temperature as the polyalkylation reactions are reduced because of excess amount of benzene present in the feed (Fig. 3.1.1(b)). Again, with increase in temperature, the selectivity of cumene increases for a fixed benzene/propylene mole ratio as transalkylation reactions (endothermic, Table 3.1.1) are dominant at high temperature.The distribution of m-DIPB and p-DIPB is shown in Fig. 3.1.1 (c). From the figure it was observed that selectivity of m-DIPB is significantly higher than p-DIPB. This is because of the fact that m-DIPB is thermally more stable compared to p-DIPB. Therefore, p-DIPB formed in alkylation reaction isomerises to more stable meta isomer.Effect of inert on equilibrium. The propyle ne stream used in alkylation process is usually obtained by pyrolysis of petroleum fractions that contains small amount of propane as impurity. Propane need not be removed from the propylene stream as it acts as an inert and does not take part in the reaction. Presence of inert has very slight effect on the conversion as well as selectivity as shown in Fig.3.1.2. The conversion of propylene decreases some with higher volume percent of inert in feed and increases slightly with the same.3.1.4 KINETICS BASED REACTOR MODELKinetics based rate data was obtained from the work of various researches and is mentioned above. A RPLUG model is used in ASPEN PLUS to model the reactor. The design model specified in the book by Turton et al (2003) is used. The reactions occur in the drying up phase in the presence of a solid catalyst (assumed to have 0.5 void fraction and a 2000 kg/m3 solid density). The reactor is run at high pressure (25 bar) since the moles of reactants are more than the moles of product (Le Chateliers principle). A temperature of 360 degree C and a benzene/Propylene mole ratio of 6 is used. A flow rate of 330 kmol/hr is used for the simulation.The kinetic model generated few errors such as RPLUG exited because integration failed. ability = (-1) probable cause is incorrect kinetics. check rate-constant parameters and molar volume calculations.3.1.5 PRODUCT OUTPUT FROM REACTORAssuming the RGIBBS model for the initial calculations for distillation columns can give a good idea about the distillation process in a cumene plant. RGIBBS model with an input feed rate of 100 kmol/hr and benzene propylene feed ratio of 61 with an inert concentration of 5% in propylene stream, temp. of 360 degree C and a pressure of 25 bar is used. The flow rates obtained at the product side are noted.The non condensable components in the product side i.e. propylene and propane are removed in flash tank. These components have fuel value only as they cannot be completely purified. S o the reaction conditions should be so adjusted that the propylene in feed is totally converted to the product. The concentration of non-condensable components from reactor is given in Table 3.1.2. This data is used for further designing.Table 3.1.2 Mole flow rate of components from reactorComponentMole Flow kmol/hrBenzene72.85Cumene10.31m-DIPB1.77p-DIPB0.47TOTAL85.43.2 PREDICTING VLE CHARACTERISTICSReactors and separators can be considered as the back bone of any chemical process plant. The cost optimization of any plant depends largely on the reactors and the distillation columns. The basis of distillation is phase equilibrium that may be VLE (Vapour liquid equilibrium) and LLE (Liquid liquid equilibrium). sooner designing any distillation equipment the VLE characteristics need to be studied as they give a fair amount of idea about the ease of distillation. The Txy diagram or temperature versus liquid composition (x) and vapour composition (y) are plotted. A fat curve generally s hows that the liquids in a mixture can be easily separated.The boiling point data of the three major components in the distillation column is shown in Fig. 3.2.1 below.Table 3.2.1 Boiling point of componentsComponentBoiling point in degree CelsiusBenzene80.2Cumene152.4DIPB209.8The product stream from a condenser tank is sent to a distillation column. RADFRAC model is used. In the industrial process three distillation columns are used i.e benzene column, followed by cumene column and DIPB column.The RADFRAC model is a rigorous model for various multistage liquid vapour fractionation operations and hence is used for the simulation Before going in for the design of the distillation column the VLE diagrams need to be considered. The industrial processes shortly followed show that in the 1st column benzene and cumene need to be primarily separated and in the 2nd column cumene and DIPB need to be separated. The NRTL (non hit-or-miss two liquid) physical property package is used used to p lot the vapour liquid equilibrium T-XY for Benzene-cumene and Cumene-DIPB systems. The VLE plots are shown in Fig 3.2.1 to 3.2.3 for different systems.It can be inferred from plots Fig. 3.2.1 to 3.2.3 that separation would be easy and a distillation column with fewer trays and a smaller reflux ratio can be used. Azeotrope is not formed. Flash distillation should be tried as separation is easier.3.3 FLASH DISTILLATION TANK DESIGNDistillation is tried using flash tank as the cost of operation is very low. FLASH2 model is selected. SYSOP0 property method is selected, which works by ideal or Roults law. Pressure of the flash tank is set as 1 bar. The input flow rate is same as mentioned in Table 3.1.2. The minimum boiling point in the mixture is that of benzene at 80.2 degree C at 1 atm and hence a temperature of 85 to 97.5 is considered for flashing. The mole fractions of benzene and cumene in the bottom and top products are found out at various flashing temperatures and plotted in Fig . 3.3.1.Assuming a product purity of 95% benzene in the top product the flashing temperature is identified to be 92.5 degree C. The flow rates from the flashing tank is shown in Table 3.3.1.Table 3.3.1 Concentration of products from the flash tank92.5 degree CBenzeneCumenem-DIPBp-DIPBBOTTOM Product18.9518657.893849631.684738320.45287993TOP product5.39E+012.416150310.085261670.01712006The flow rates of Table 3.3.1 act as a feed to the benzene column.3.4 BENZENE DISTILLATION COLUMN DESIGN3.4.1 DESIGN PROCEDURERADFRAC-1 is selected for designing the Benzene distillation column. SYSOP0 property method is selected and the flow rates from Table 3.3.1 are used. The pressure is kept fixed at 1.75 bar and the temperature is kept fixed at 90 degree Celsius. These two variables are obtained from the experimental data specified by Turton et al (2003). These temperature and pressure data have been used in the work by Luyben (2010). The variables that can be optimized are reflux ratio, number of feed trays, feed tray location and distillate rate. In the initial assumption the distillate rate is kept at half the value of the feed rate. A total condenser is used in the process and an equilibrium based approach is used.3.4.2 REFLUX RATIO OPTIMIZATIONThe number of trays (including boiler and condenser as a tray) is kept fixed at any value say 15. The feed tray is varied keeping the number of trays fixed. Now for each different ratio of number of trays to feed tray a series of reflux ratio starting from 0.1 is considered. The process is run and the mole fraction of benzene in the top product as well as the reboiler heat load data are used and a graph is plotted as shown in Fig 3.4.1. wane ratio is optimized by the variable mole fraction of benzene in the top product.An optimum reflux ratio value of about 0.5 is identified from Fig 3.4.1. At higher values of feed tray location (close to reboiler) lesser reflux ratio is required. Note that condenser is considered as the first sta ge and the rebolier as the last.3.4.3 hold TRAY LOCATION OPTIMIZATIONThe reflux ratio is kept fixed at 0.5 and the number of trays is kept fixed at 15. The position of the feed tray is varied and its affect on the reboiler heat load and the mole fraction of benze

Kurt Vonneguts Cats Cradle :: Kurt Vonnegut Cats Cradle Essays

Paradoxical Nature of Life Exposed in Kurt Vonneguts Cats CradleKurt Vonneguts apocalyptic novel, Cats Cradle, might well be called an intricate engagement of paradox and irony. It is with such irony and paradox that Vonnegut himself describes his work as poisoning minds with humanity...to encourage them to make a better world (The Vonnegut Statement 107). In Cats Cradle, Vonnegut does non tie his co-mingled plots into easy to digest bites as the short chapter structure of his story implies. Rather, he implores his reader to resolve the paradoxes and ironies of Cats Cradle by simply allowing them to exist. By conscription our attention to the paradoxical nature of life, Vonnegut releases the reader from the necessity of creating meaning into a realm of infinite possibility. It appears that Vonnegut sees the impulse toward making a better world as fundamental to the human spirit that when the obstacle of meaning is removed the reader, he supposes, will naturally improve the world.L ike a dream filled with Gordian characters and situations which one is compelled to discuss and analyze the next day, Vonnegut uses dark humor to penetrate his readers world. The Cornell medical student whom the narrator, Jonah, first interviews by mail turns out to be a midget. The brilliant nuclear physicist, the father of the atom bomb, is infantile. Writers and college professors are essential to human existence, and Boko-maru is a form of love that can happen anytime, anywhere, and with anyone.By creating new unearthly and scientific vocabularies, Vonnegut infiltrates the readers very mind. Bokononist ideas and principles that are almost reasonable give the reader a temporary framework for interpretation, As it was supposed to happen, Bokonon would say (Cats Cradle 63). Never similarly far from reality, Bokonon tells us that it is very wrong to not to love everyone exactly the same. What does your religion say? (CC 141). Vonneguts prophet cuts close to the bone, and so he mu st in order to reach the philosophical roots of the readers belief system. Yet, the security of any and every belief and interpretation of any and all of the characters is in one representation or another polluted until there is nowhere to turn.

Hamlet - Comparing the Dissimilar Characters of Gertrude and Ophelia Es

Hamlet -- the Dissimilar Characters of Gertrude and Ophelia In Shakespeares tragedy Hamlet it is much slight challenging to illustrate the lack of resemblance between Gertrude and Ophelia than it is to indicate the similarities between the two ladies. The biggest difference between the two is the moral difference. Who can deny that the pantywaist has done some very serious sinning? Who can deny that Ophelia is a shy, obedient, innocent daughter? Lilly B. Campbell comments in Grief That Leads to Tragedy on world-beater Gertrudes sinful state Shakespeares picture of the Queen is explained to us by Hamlets speech to her in her closet. There we see again the picture of sin as evil willed by a reason perverted by passion, for so much Hamlet explains in his accusation of his bring You cannot call it love, for at your age The hey-day in the blood is tame, its humble, And waits upon the judgement and what judgement Would step from this to this? . . . O shame Where is thy blush? R ebellious hell, If thous canst mutine in a matrons bones, To flaming youth let virtue be as wax And melt in her own fire. Proclaim no shame When the arbitrary ardor gives the charge, Since frost itself as actively doth burn And reason panders will. And of the Queens punishment as it goes on throughout the play, there can be no doubt either. Her love for Hamlet, her grief, the woes that come so fast that one treads upon the heel of another, her consciousness of wrong-doing, her final dismay are those also of one whose spirit has become alienated from God by sin. (97-98) Quite opposite the criminality of the kings wife is the innocence of Ophelia, a broken lil... ...aghs Hamlet. Early new(a) Literary Studies 6.1 (May, 2000) 2.1-24 <URL http//purl.oclc.org/emls/06-1/lehmhaml.htm>. ODonnell, Jessie F. Ophelia. The American Shakespeare Magazine, 3 (March 1897), 70-76. Rpt. in Women Reading Shakespeare 1660-1900. Ed. Ann Thompson and Sasha Roberts. New York Manchester Universit y Press, 1997. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http//www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos. West, Rebecca. A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. of The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT Yale University Press, 1957. Wilson, John Dover. What Happens in Hamlet. New York Cambridge University Press, 1999.